x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-9
GCOV(1) GNU GCOV(1)
NAME
gcov - coverage testing tool
SYNOPSIS
gcov [-v|--version] [-h|--help]
[-a|--all-blocks]
[-b|--branch-probabilities]
[-c|--branch-counts]
[-d|--display-progress]
[-f|--function-summaries]
[-i|--json-format]
[-j|--human-readable]
[-k|--use-colors]
[-l|--long-file-names]
[-m|--demangled-names]
[-n|--no-output]
[-o|--object-directory directory|file]
[-p|--preserve-paths]
[-q|--use-hotness-colors]
[-r|--relative-only]
[-s|--source-prefix directory]
[-t|--stdout]
[-u|--unconditional-branches]
[-x|--hash-filenames]
files
DESCRIPTION
gcov is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with GCC to analyze
your programs to help create more efficient, faster running code and to
discover untested parts of your program. You can use gcov as a
profiling tool to help discover where your optimization efforts will
best affect your code. You can also use gcov along with the other
profiling tool, gprof, to assess which parts of your code use the
greatest amount of computing time.
Profiling tools help you analyze your code's performance. Using a
profiler such as gcov or gprof, you can find out some basic performance
statistics, such as:
* how often each line of code executes
* what lines of code are actually executed
* how much computing time each section of code uses
Once you know these things about how your code works when compiled, you
can look at each module to see which modules should be optimized. gcov
helps you determine where to work on optimization.
Software developers also use coverage testing in concert with
testsuites, to make sure software is actually good enough for a
release. Testsuites can verify that a program works as expected; a
coverage program tests to see how much of the program is exercised by
the testsuite. Developers can then determine what kinds of test cases
need to be added to the testsuites to create both better testing and a
better final product.
You should compile your code without optimization if you plan to use
gcov because the optimization, by combining some lines of code into one
function, may not give you as much information as you need to look for
`hot spots' where the code is using a great deal of computer time.
Likewise, because gcov accumulates statistics by line (at the lowest
resolution), it works best with a programming style that places only
one statement on each line. If you use complicated macros that expand
to loops or to other control structures, the statistics are less
helpful---they only report on the line where the macro call appears.
If your complex macros behave like functions, you can replace them with
inline functions to solve this problem.
gcov creates a logfile called sourcefile.gcov which indicates how many
times each line of a source file sourcefile.c has executed. You can
use these logfiles along with gprof to aid in fine-tuning the
performance of your programs. gprof gives timing information you can
use along with the information you get from gcov.
gcov works only on code compiled with GCC. It is not compatible with
any other profiling or test coverage mechanism.
OPTIONS
-a
--all-blocks
Write individual execution counts for every basic block. Normally
gcov outputs execution counts only for the main blocks of a line.
With this option you can determine if blocks within a single line
are not being executed.
-b
--branch-probabilities
Write branch frequencies to the output file, and write branch
summary info to the standard output. This option allows you to see
how often each branch in your program was taken. Unconditional
branches will not be shown, unless the -u option is given.
-c
--branch-counts
Write branch frequencies as the number of branches taken, rather
than the percentage of branches taken.
-d
--display-progress
Display the progress on the standard output.
-f
--function-summaries
Output summaries for each function in addition to the file level
summary.
-h
--help
Display help about using gcov (on the standard output), and exit
without doing any further processing.
-i
--json-format
Output gcov file in an easy-to-parse JSON intermediate format which
does not require source code for generation. The JSON file is
compressed with gzip compression algorithm and the files have
.gcov.json.gz extension.
Structure of the JSON is following:
{
"current_working_directory": <current_working_directory>,
"data_file": <data_file>,
"format_version": <format_version>,
"gcc_version": <gcc_version>
"files": [<file>]
}
Fields of the root element have following semantics:
* current_working_directory: working directory where a
compilation unit was compiled
* data_file: name of the data file (GCDA)
* format_version: semantic version of the format
* gcc_version: version of the GCC compiler
Each file has the following form:
{
"file": <file_name>,
"functions": [<function>],
"lines": [<line>]
}
Fields of the file element have following semantics:
* file_name: name of the source file
Each function has the following form:
{
"blocks": <blocks>,
"blocks_executed": <blocks_executed>,
"demangled_name": "<demangled_name>,
"end_column": <end_column>,
"end_line": <end_line>,
"execution_count": <execution_count>,
"name": <name>,
"start_column": <start_column>
"start_line": <start_line>
}
Fields of the function element have following semantics:
* blocks: number of blocks that are in the function
* blocks_executed: number of executed blocks of the function
* demangled_name: demangled name of the function
* end_column: column in the source file where the function ends
* end_line: line in the source file where the function ends
* execution_count: number of executions of the function
* name: name of the function
* start_column: column in the source file where the function
begins
* start_line: line in the source file where the function begins
Note that line numbers and column numbers number from 1. In the
current implementation, start_line and start_column do not include
any template parameters and the leading return type but that this
is likely to be fixed in the future.
Each line has the following form:
{
"branches": [<branch>],
"count": <count>,
"line_number": <line_number>,
"unexecuted_block": <unexecuted_block>
"function_name": <function_name>,
}
Branches are present only with -b option. Fields of the line
element have following semantics:
* count: number of executions of the line
* line_number: line number
* unexecuted_block: flag whether the line contains an unexecuted
block (not all statements on the line are executed)
* function_name: a name of a function this line belongs to (for a
line with an inlined statements can be not set)
Each branch has the following form:
{
"count": <count>,
"fallthrough": <fallthrough>,
"throw": <throw>
}
Fields of the branch element have following semantics:
* count: number of executions of the branch
* fallthrough: true when the branch is a fall through branch
* throw: true when the branch is an exceptional branch
-j
--human-readable
Write counts in human readable format (like 24.6k).
-k
--use-colors
Use colors for lines of code that have zero coverage. We use red
color for non-exceptional lines and cyan for exceptional. Same
colors are used for basic blocks with -a option.
-l
--long-file-names
Create long file names for included source files. For example, if
the header file x.h contains code, and was included in the file
a.c, then running gcov on the file a.c will produce an output file
called a.c##x.h.gcov instead of x.h.gcov. This can be useful if
x.h is included in multiple source files and you want to see the
individual contributions. If you use the -p option, both the
including and included file names will be complete path names.
-m
--demangled-names
Display demangled function names in output. The default is to show
mangled function names.
-n
--no-output
Do not create the gcov output file.
-o directory|file
--object-directory directory
--object-file file
Specify either the directory containing the gcov data files, or the
object path name. The .gcno, and .gcda data files are searched for
using this option. If a directory is specified, the data files are
in that directory and named after the input file name, without its
extension. If a file is specified here, the data files are named
after that file, without its extension.
-p
--preserve-paths
Preserve complete path information in the names of generated .gcov
files. Without this option, just the filename component is used.
With this option, all directories are used, with / characters
translated to # characters, . directory components removed and
unremoveable .. components renamed to ^. This is useful if
sourcefiles are in several different directories.
-q
--use-hotness-colors
Emit perf-like colored output for hot lines. Legend of the color
scale is printed at the very beginning of the output file.
-r
--relative-only
Only output information about source files with a relative pathname
(after source prefix elision). Absolute paths are usually system
header files and coverage of any inline functions therein is
normally uninteresting.
-s directory
--source-prefix directory
A prefix for source file names to remove when generating the output
coverage files. This option is useful when building in a separate
directory, and the pathname to the source directory is not wanted
when determining the output file names. Note that this prefix
detection is applied before determining whether the source file is
absolute.
-t
--stdout
Output to standard output instead of output files.
-u
--unconditional-branches
When branch probabilities are given, include those of unconditional
branches. Unconditional branches are normally not interesting.
-v
--version
Display the gcov version number (on the standard output), and exit
without doing any further processing.
-w
--verbose
Print verbose informations related to basic blocks and arcs.
-x
--hash-filenames
When using --preserve-paths, gcov uses the full pathname of the
source files to create an output filename. This can lead to long
filenames that can overflow filesystem limits. This option creates
names of the form source-file##md5.gcov, where the source-file
component is the final filename part and the md5 component is
calculated from the full mangled name that would have been used
otherwise. The option is an alternative to the --preserve-paths on
systems which have a filesystem limit.
gcov should be run with the current directory the same as that when you
invoked the compiler. Otherwise it will not be able to locate the
source files. gcov produces files called mangledname.gcov in the
current directory. These contain the coverage information of the
source file they correspond to. One .gcov file is produced for each
source (or header) file containing code, which was compiled to produce
the data files. The mangledname part of the output file name is
usually simply the source file name, but can be something more
complicated if the -l or -p options are given. Refer to those options
for details.
If you invoke gcov with multiple input files, the contributions from
each input file are summed. Typically you would invoke it with the
same list of files as the final link of your executable.
The .gcov files contain the : separated fields along with program
source code. The format is
<execution_count>:<line_number>:<source line text>
Additional block information may succeed each line, when requested by
command line option. The execution_count is - for lines containing no
code. Unexecuted lines are marked ##### or =====, depending on whether
they are reachable by non-exceptional paths or only exceptional paths
such as C++ exception handlers, respectively. Given the -a option,
unexecuted blocks are marked $$$$$ or %%%%%, depending on whether a
basic block is reachable via non-exceptional or exceptional paths.
Executed basic blocks having a statement with zero execution_count end
with * character and are colored with magenta color with the -k option.
This functionality is not supported in Ada.
Note that GCC can completely remove the bodies of functions that are
not needed -- for instance if they are inlined everywhere. Such
functions are marked with -, which can be confusing. Use the
-fkeep-inline-functions and -fkeep-static-functions options to retain
these functions and allow gcov to properly show their execution_count.
Some lines of information at the start have line_number of zero. These
preamble lines are of the form
-:0:<tag>:<value>
The ordering and number of these preamble lines will be augmented as
gcov development progresses --- do not rely on them remaining
unchanged. Use tag to locate a particular preamble line.
The additional block information is of the form
<tag> <information>
The information is human readable, but designed to be simple enough for
machine parsing too.
When printing percentages, 0% and 100% are only printed when the values
are exactly 0% and 100% respectively. Other values which would
conventionally be rounded to 0% or 100% are instead printed as the
nearest non-boundary value.
When using gcov, you must first compile your program with a special GCC
option --coverage. This tells the compiler to generate additional
information needed by gcov (basically a flow graph of the program) and
also includes additional code in the object files for generating the
extra profiling information needed by gcov. These additional files are
placed in the directory where the object file is located.
Running the program will cause profile output to be generated. For
each source file compiled with -fprofile-arcs, an accompanying .gcda
file will be placed in the object file directory.
Running gcov with your program's source file names as arguments will
now produce a listing of the code along with frequency of execution for
each line. For example, if your program is called tmp.cpp, this is
what you see when you use the basic gcov facility:
$ g++ --coverage tmp.cpp
$ a.out
$ gcov tmp.cpp -m
File 'tmp.cpp'
Lines executed:92.86% of 14
Creating 'tmp.cpp.gcov'
The file tmp.cpp.gcov contains output from gcov. Here is a sample:
-: 0:Source:tmp.cpp
-: 0:Working directory:/home/gcc/testcase
-: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
-: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
-: 0:Runs:1
-: 0:Programs:1
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:template<class T>
-: 4:class Foo
-: 5:{
-: 6: public:
1*: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<char>::Foo():
#####: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<int>::Foo():
1: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
2*: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<char>::inc():
#####: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<int>::inc():
2: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
-: 9:
-: 10: private:
-: 11: int b;
-: 12:};
-: 13:
-: 14:template class Foo<int>;
-: 15:template class Foo<char>;
-: 16:
-: 17:int
1: 18:main (void)
-: 19:{
-: 20: int i, total;
1: 21: Foo<int> counter;
-: 22:
1: 23: counter.inc();
1: 24: counter.inc();
1: 25: total = 0;
-: 26:
11: 27: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
10: 28: total += i;
-: 29:
1*: 30: int v = total > 100 ? 1 : 2;
-: 31:
1: 32: if (total != 45)
#####: 33: printf ("Failure\n");
-: 34: else
1: 35: printf ("Success\n");
1: 36: return 0;
-: 37:}
Note that line 7 is shown in the report multiple times. First
occurrence presents total number of execution of the line and the next
two belong to instances of class Foo constructors. As you can also
see, line 30 contains some unexecuted basic blocks and thus execution
count has asterisk symbol.
When you use the -a option, you will get individual block counts, and
the output looks like this:
-: 0:Source:tmp.cpp
-: 0:Working directory:/home/gcc/testcase
-: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
-: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
-: 0:Runs:1
-: 0:Programs:1
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:template<class T>
-: 4:class Foo
-: 5:{
-: 6: public:
1*: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<char>::Foo():
#####: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<int>::Foo():
1: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
2*: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<char>::inc():
#####: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<int>::inc():
2: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
-: 9:
-: 10: private:
-: 11: int b;
-: 12:};
-: 13:
-: 14:template class Foo<int>;
-: 15:template class Foo<char>;
-: 16:
-: 17:int
1: 18:main (void)
-: 19:{
-: 20: int i, total;
1: 21: Foo<int> counter;
1: 21-block 0
-: 22:
1: 23: counter.inc();
1: 23-block 0
1: 24: counter.inc();
1: 24-block 0
1: 25: total = 0;
-: 26:
11: 27: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
1: 27-block 0
11: 27-block 1
10: 28: total += i;
10: 28-block 0
-: 29:
1*: 30: int v = total > 100 ? 1 : 2;
1: 30-block 0
%%%%%: 30-block 1
1: 30-block 2
-: 31:
1: 32: if (total != 45)
1: 32-block 0
#####: 33: printf ("Failure\n");
%%%%%: 33-block 0
-: 34: else
1: 35: printf ("Success\n");
1: 35-block 0
1: 36: return 0;
1: 36-block 0
-: 37:}
In this mode, each basic block is only shown on one line -- the last
line of the block. A multi-line block will only contribute to the
execution count of that last line, and other lines will not be shown to
contain code, unless previous blocks end on those lines. The total
execution count of a line is shown and subsequent lines show the
execution counts for individual blocks that end on that line. After
each block, the branch and call counts of the block will be shown, if
the -b option is given.
Because of the way GCC instruments calls, a call count can be shown
after a line with no individual blocks. As you can see, line 33
contains a basic block that was not executed.
When you use the -b option, your output looks like this:
-: 0:Source:tmp.cpp
-: 0:Working directory:/home/gcc/testcase
-: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
-: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
-: 0:Runs:1
-: 0:Programs:1
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:template<class T>
-: 4:class Foo
-: 5:{
-: 6: public:
1*: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<char>::Foo():
function Foo<char>::Foo() called 0 returned 0% blocks executed 0%
#####: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<int>::Foo():
function Foo<int>::Foo() called 1 returned 100% blocks executed 100%
1: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
2*: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<char>::inc():
function Foo<char>::inc() called 0 returned 0% blocks executed 0%
#####: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<int>::inc():
function Foo<int>::inc() called 2 returned 100% blocks executed 100%
2: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
-: 9:
-: 10: private:
-: 11: int b;
-: 12:};
-: 13:
-: 14:template class Foo<int>;
-: 15:template class Foo<char>;
-: 16:
-: 17:int
function main called 1 returned 100% blocks executed 81%
1: 18:main (void)
-: 19:{
-: 20: int i, total;
1: 21: Foo<int> counter;
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
-: 22:
1: 23: counter.inc();
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
1: 24: counter.inc();
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
1: 25: total = 0;
-: 26:
11: 27: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
branch 0 taken 91% (fallthrough)
branch 1 taken 9%
10: 28: total += i;
-: 29:
1*: 30: int v = total > 100 ? 1 : 2;
branch 0 taken 0% (fallthrough)
branch 1 taken 100%
-: 31:
1: 32: if (total != 45)
branch 0 taken 0% (fallthrough)
branch 1 taken 100%
#####: 33: printf ("Failure\n");
call 0 never executed
branch 1 never executed
branch 2 never executed
-: 34: else
1: 35: printf ("Success\n");
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
1: 36: return 0;
-: 37:}
For each function, a line is printed showing how many times the
function is called, how many times it returns and what percentage of
the function's blocks were executed.
For each basic block, a line is printed after the last line of the
basic block describing the branch or call that ends the basic block.
There can be multiple branches and calls listed for a single source
line if there are multiple basic blocks that end on that line. In this
case, the branches and calls are each given a number. There is no
simple way to map these branches and calls back to source constructs.
In general, though, the lowest numbered branch or call will correspond
to the leftmost construct on the source line.
For a branch, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
indicating the number of times the branch was taken divided by the
number of times the branch was executed will be printed. Otherwise,
the message "never executed" is printed.
For a call, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
indicating the number of times the call returned divided by the number
of times the call was executed will be printed. This will usually be
100%, but may be less for functions that call "exit" or "longjmp", and
thus may not return every time they are called.
The execution counts are cumulative. If the example program were
executed again without removing the .gcda file, the count for the
number of times each line in the source was executed would be added to
the results of the previous run(s). This is potentially useful in
several ways. For example, it could be used to accumulate data over a
number of program runs as part of a test verification suite, or to
provide more accurate long-term information over a large number of
program runs.
The data in the .gcda files is saved immediately before the program
exits. For each source file compiled with -fprofile-arcs, the
profiling code first attempts to read in an existing .gcda file; if the
file doesn't match the executable (differing number of basic block
counts) it will ignore the contents of the file. It then adds in the
new execution counts and finally writes the data to the file.
Using gcov with GCC Optimization
If you plan to use gcov to help optimize your code, you must first
compile your program with a special GCC option --coverage. Aside from
that, you can use any other GCC options; but if you want to prove that
every single line in your program was executed, you should not compile
with optimization at the same time. On some machines the optimizer can
eliminate some simple code lines by combining them with other lines.
For example, code like this:
if (a != b)
c = 1;
else
c = 0;
can be compiled into one instruction on some machines. In this case,
there is no way for gcov to calculate separate execution counts for
each line because there isn't separate code for each line. Hence the
gcov output looks like this if you compiled the program with
optimization:
100: 12:if (a != b)
100: 13: c = 1;
100: 14:else
100: 15: c = 0;
The output shows that this block of code, combined by optimization,
executed 100 times. In one sense this result is correct, because there
was only one instruction representing all four of these lines.
However, the output does not indicate how many times the result was 0
and how many times the result was 1.
Inlineable functions can create unexpected line counts. Line counts
are shown for the source code of the inlineable function, but what is
shown depends on where the function is inlined, or if it is not inlined
at all.
If the function is not inlined, the compiler must emit an out of line
copy of the function, in any object file that needs it. If fileA.o and
fileB.o both contain out of line bodies of a particular inlineable
function, they will also both contain coverage counts for that
function. When fileA.o and fileB.o are linked together, the linker
will, on many systems, select one of those out of line bodies for all
calls to that function, and remove or ignore the other. Unfortunately,
it will not remove the coverage counters for the unused function body.
Hence when instrumented, all but one use of that function will show
zero counts.
If the function is inlined in several places, the block structure in
each location might not be the same. For instance, a condition might
now be calculable at compile time in some instances. Because the
coverage of all the uses of the inline function will be shown for the
same source lines, the line counts themselves might seem inconsistent.
Long-running applications can use the "__gcov_reset" and "__gcov_dump"
facilities to restrict profile collection to the program region of
interest. Calling "__gcov_reset(void)" will clear all profile counters
to zero, and calling "__gcov_dump(void)" will cause the profile
information collected at that point to be dumped to .gcda output files.
Instrumented applications use a static destructor with priority 99 to
invoke the "__gcov_dump" function. Thus "__gcov_dump" is executed after
all user defined static destructors, as well as handlers registered
with "atexit". If an executable loads a dynamic shared object via
dlopen functionality, -Wl,--dynamic-list-data is needed to dump all
profile data.
Profiling run-time library reports various errors related to profile
manipulation and profile saving. Errors are printed into standard
error output or GCOV_ERROR_FILE file, if environment variable is used.
In order to terminate immediately after an errors occurs set
GCOV_EXIT_AT_ERROR environment variable. That can help users to find
profile clashing which leads to a misleading profile.
SEE ALSO
gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), gcc(1) and the Info entry for gcc.
COPYRIGHT
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License" and "Funding Free
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Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
included in the gfdl(7) man page.
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
A GNU Manual
(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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